Micron Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Kondo-Modell</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondo-Modell"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kondo-Modell rootpage-Kondo-Modell skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kondo-Modell</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Kondo-Modell</b> –&nbsp;auch s-d-Modell genannt&nbsp;– ist ein <a href="Mathematisches_Modell" title="Mathematisches Modell">mathematisches Modell</a> zur Beschreibung des <a href="Elektrischer_Widerstand" title="Elektrischer Widerstand">elektrischen Widerstandes</a> in <a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metallen</a> mit magnetischen Störstellen – dem sogenannten <a href="Kondo-Effekt" title="Kondo-Effekt">Kondo-Effekt</a> (das anomale Ansteigen des Widerstandes bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen).
</p><p>In diesem vereinfachten Modell werden die stromerzeugenden Elektronen als freie <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> im <a href="Leitungsband" title="Leitungsband">Leitungsband</a> (s-Band) modelliert. Die magnetischen Störstellen am Platz&nbsp;<i>i</i> im Kristallgitter werden als lokalisierte <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spins</a> angenommen, welche über eine (anti-)magnetische Spin-Spin-Wechselwirkung an die Leitungsbandelektronen gekoppelt sind. Die Modellierung der magnetischen Störstellen als lokalisierte Spins beruht auf der Annahme, dass die Elektronen in den d-Orbitale der magnetischen Störstellen stark lokalisiert sind. Diese s-d-Wechselwirkung wurde zuerst 1951 von <a href="Clarence_Melvin_Zener" title="Clarence Melvin Zener">Clarence Melvin Zener</a> beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasuya quantifizierte dieses Modell 1956 und stellte den zugehörigen Hamiltonian auf.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1964 behandelte <a href="Jun_Kondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jun Kondo">Jun Kondo</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dieses Modell mittels Störungstheorie 3.&nbsp;Ordnung und berechnete damit den elektrischen Widerstand. Das berechnete Verhalten des elektrischen Widerstandes zeigte qualitativ den experimentell gefundenen Kondo-Effekt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Beschreibung">Mathematische Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Das Kondo-Modell kann mit dem folgenden <a href="Hamiltonoperator" title="Hamiltonoperator">Hamiltonian</a> beschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{\text{Kondo}}&amp;=H_{0}+H_{J}\\H_{0}&amp;=\sum _{{\vec {k}},\sigma }\epsilon ({\vec {k}})c_{{\vec {k}},\sigma }^{\dagger }c_{{\vec {k}},\sigma }\\H_{J}&amp;=-{\frac {J}{N}}\sum _{n{\vec {k}}{\vec {k}}'}\exp(i({\vec {k}}-{\vec {k}}'){\vec {R}}_{n}){\vec {s}}_{\vec {k}}{\vec {S}}_{n}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Kondo</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>J</mi>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{\text{Kondo}}&amp;=H_{0}+H_{J}\\H_{0}&amp;=\sum _{{\vec {k}},\sigma }\epsilon ({\vec {k}})c_{{\vec {k}},\sigma }^{\dagger }c_{{\vec {k}},\sigma }\\H_{J}&amp;=-{\frac {J}{N}}\sum _{n{\vec {k}}{\vec {k}}'}\exp(i({\vec {k}}-{\vec {k}}'){\vec {R}}_{n}){\vec {s}}_{\vec {k}}{\vec {S}}_{n}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fdd52f4f3e6277e0b2a6e1ec0bd8bb53ceee666.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.696ex; margin-bottom: -0.309ex; width:41.573ex; height:17.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{\text{Kondo}}&amp;=H_{0}+H_{J}\\H_{0}&amp;=\sum _{{\vec {k}},\sigma }\epsilon ({\vec {k}})c_{{\vec {k}},\sigma }^{\dagger }c_{{\vec {k}},\sigma }\\H_{J}&amp;=-{\frac {J}{N}}\sum _{n{\vec {k}}{\vec {k}}'}\exp(i({\vec {k}}-{\vec {k}}'){\vec {R}}_{n}){\vec {s}}_{\vec {k}}{\vec {S}}_{n}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei beschreibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43910602a221b7a4c373791f94793e3008622070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Leitungsbandelektronen im s-Band mit <a href="Dispersion_(Physik)" title="Dispersion (Physik)">Dispersions</a>-Relation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {k}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {k}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cab28652cf137e00b47defac79a87a87ceb22918.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.965ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon ({\vec {k}})}" loading="lazy"></span>.
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{J}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>J</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{J}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30fde27785df33dcc9bf641803afc26d15f8c575.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.204ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{J}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibt die Wechselwirkung der magnetischen Störstellen – beschrieben über die lokalisierten Spins <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b19dea4e9af1dcad9fba31d0b0c75cd341b7b07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.757ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> am Platz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c10e9d6b5be2fb1041f7fbcbcbf2bb7a2ea7684b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.982ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den Leitungsbandelektronen. Die Wechselwirkung ist dabei eine reine Spin-Spin-Wechselwirkung mit den Spins <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}_{\vec {k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}_{\vec {k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c90f3990c9617d2667aaf83e9e157be358070cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:2.312ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}_{\vec {k}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Leitungsbandelektronen, welche je nach Vorzeichen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> ferromagnetisch oder anti-ferromagnetisch sein kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ergebnisse_der_Störungstheorie"><span id="Ergebnisse_der_St.C3.B6rungstheorie"></span>Ergebnisse der Störungstheorie</h2></div>
<p>Das Kondo-Modell weist bei anti-ferromagnetischer Kopplung (negatives&nbsp;J) in Störungstheorie 3.&nbsp;Ordnung einen logarithmischen Term im elektrischen Widerstand auf.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho _{\text{Kondo}}(T)\propto J/\epsilon _{f}\log T\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Kondo</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho _{\text{Kondo}}(T)\propto J/\epsilon _{f}\log T\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8a6635124d5c48c3df58cfd49417a3151f6317.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.577ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho _{\text{Kondo}}(T)\propto J/\epsilon _{f}\log T\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c07dbe00bb5d293a8ae18e732b048a3cea7955ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.08ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Fermi-Energie" title="Fermi-Energie">Fermi-Energie</a>.
Dieser logarithmische Term führt also zu einem Anstieg des Widerstandes bei tiefen Temperaturen und kann damit die experimentellen Daten erklären. Allerdings divergiert dieser Term für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c6a5b6d0370b358a8d5f3df6d17eeca08d3629b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.897ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, was ein unphysikalisches Verhalten beschreibt. Diese Divergenz ist als Kondo-Problem bekannt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Zener: <cite style="font-style:italic">Interaction Between the $d$ Shells in the Transition Metals</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phys. Rev.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>81</span>, 1951, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>440–444</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.81.440">10.1103/PhysRev.81.440</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kondo-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Interaction+Between+the+%24d%24+Shells+in+the+Transition+Metals&amp;rft.au=C.+Zener&amp;rft.btitle=Phys.+Rev.&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.81.440&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=440-444&amp;rft.volume=81" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Kasuya: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Theory of Metallic Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism on Zener’s Model</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Progress of Theoretical Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>16</span>, 1956, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>45–57</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143/PTP.16.45">10.1143/PTP.16.45</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kondo-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+Metallic+Ferro-+and+Antiferromagnetism+on+Zener%E2%80%99s+Model&amp;rft.au=T.+Kasuya&amp;rft.btitle=Progress+of+Theoretical+Physics&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.doi=10.1143%2FPTP.16.45&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=45-57&amp;rft.volume=16" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kondo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Resistance minimum in dilute magnetic alloys</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Progress of Theoretical Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>32</span>, 1964, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>37–49</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143/PTP.32.37">10.1143/PTP.32.37</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kondo-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Resistance+minimum+in+dilute+magnetic+alloys&amp;rft.au=J.+Kondo&amp;rft.btitle=Progress+of+Theoretical+Physics&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.doi=10.1143%2FPTP.32.37&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=37-49&amp;rft.volume=32" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4264343-0">4264343-0</a></span> </div>
</div></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2024-04-20" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Kondo-Modell&amp;oldid=244248915">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>

</body></html>